Treks in Nepal!

Ghorepani Poon Hill Trek

2009-11-01T18:49:00.000-08:00

Tour Duration: 7 days or 12 days
Ghorepani Trek days : 4 days or 5 days
Trek grade: Easy
Max altitude : 2855 m
Trekking style :Lodge to lodge
Best Seasons: All through Oct - June
Minimum group size: One pax

The Ghorepani Poon Hill trek has over the years been the bestseller among all our trekking tours.The breathtaking mountain scenery and the beautiful ethnic villages justify the popularity of Ghorepani trekking. The trek is easy, it has enough walking along streams and forests for those who are looking for a few days close to nature, yet it is not far away and involves no high climbing .You absolutely have no risk of altitude sickness on this trek. Ghorepani trekking can be done all through the year except during the monsoon.

The Ghorepani Poon hill trek is an immensely popular short trek to the Annapurnas. The trek starts from the beautiful Modi Khola river, after an hour of drive from Pokhara.Crossing the suspension bridge over Modhi Khola river, we ascend through ethnic villages and farm terraces enjoying the views of Machhapuchare peeking between the hills . On the second day we walk mostly through woods before we reach Ghorepani hill .Next morning we make an early climb of one hour to the nearby Poon hill for the spectacular view of the Dhaulagiri, Annapurna , Nilgiri and other famous mountains of the region.
The whole of Ghorepani is densely forested with rhododendron, the national flower of Nepal. Every spring it is tremendous scenery to watch these forests in bloom with the panorama of the high mountains on the skyline.

From Ghorepani we descend for the beautiful Gurung (name of a community) village of Ghandruk on the lap of the Annapurnas. The village is known for its traditional houses, rich culture and the great landscape. Walking down through the innumerable steps we make a loop at Birethanti and catch our vehicle for Pokhara at Nayapul .We trace back no part of the trail on this itinerary. On our whole trek, we use the mountain lodges called the tea houses for our food and accommodation.

The Ghorepani Poon Hill trek combined with a two days of elephant back safari in the tropical Chitwan national park (5 hr of drive from Pokhara) makes an ideal Nepal holiday. You see a great number of wild animals and birds including rhinos, crocodiles, deers, peacocks, leopards and if lucky even a tiger. You will enjoy a canoe ride in Rapti river, visit baby elephants in elephant breeding centre and the safari trip will conclude with a bird watching tour – Chitwan national park alone has 450 species of birds! Back at Kathamndu we celebrate our Ghorepani hiking with a traditional Nepali dinner followed by ethnic cultural show.

Ghorepani Trek Itinerary - 7 days

Day 01: Arrival in Kathmandu , transfer to hotel

Day 02: Early mornig flight to Pokhara and trek to Tikhedhunga
Day 03: Trek to Ghorepani 2885 m
Day 04: Early morning climb to Poon Hill ( 3200m ) for grand Himalayan panorama and trek to Ghandruk
Day 05: Trek to Nayapul and drive back to Pokhara .Rest in beautiful Pokhara.
Walk around the town , boating on the Phewa lake.
Day 06: Fly back to Kathmandu early morning. Short guided tour of Kathmandu including Kathmandu Durbar square and Swoyambhunath stupa. Evening farewell Nepali dinner with traditional cultural show.
Day 07: Fly back home.

Note: The above itinerary is for those having short holiday and for people having good fitness. For those who want a more leisurely tour, 8 days would be bettter for this trek.

Ghorepani Trek Itinerary - 12 days (with jungle safari)

Day 01: Arrival in Kathmandu, transfer to hotel
Day 02: Guided sightseeing tour of Kathmandu including Swoyambhunath, Bouddhanath and Kathmandu Durbar square.
Day 03: Fly to Pokhara , short sightseeing tour and boating in the lake ,
Day 04: Drive to Nayapul( one hr) and trek to Tikhedhunga
Day 05: Trek to Ghorepani (2855 m )
Day 06: Climb to Poon Hill (3200m) for great views of the Himalayas and trek to Tadapani (2595 m). Poon hill is the highest point on the Ghorepani trek.
Day 07: Trek to Ghandruk (short trek of 3 hours), explore the ethnic village, visit the ethnic museum, enjoy the scenery
Day 08: Trek to Nayapul and drive to Pokhara , relax in the beautiful lake city.
Day 09: Drive to Chitwan, overnight on the lodge by the side of the national park
Day 10: Diferent jungle activities in Chitwan including canoeing, elephant back safari, visiting elephant breeding centre, birdwatching etc
Day 11: Fly to Kathmandu, free time . Evening , enjoy the farewell Nepali dinner with traditional cultural show.
Day 12: Fly back home

Price: 985 Euro per person

Flight cost extra.

Included in the price

All surface transfers as per itinerary in private vehicle
Hotel in Kathmandu and Pokhara in twin sharing , BB basis
Fooding, lodging, insurance and other expenses of the trekking staff
Fooding (3 meals a day ) and lodging for the clients in trek days
Necessary permit and national park fees
Guided sightseeing tour in Kathmandu and Pokhara
(Incase of 2nd itinerary) all safari activities, three meals and lodging in excellent safari resort in Chitwan.

Not included in the price

Nepal visa
Nepal internal airport tax of USD 3
Personal equipments and clothing
Your insurances
Cold drinks and beverages
Personal expenses and tips
Lunch and dinner in Kathmandu and Pokhara

Mountain Sickness

2009-10-24T18:09:00.001-07:00

As we ascend to high altitude our bodies have to acclimatize to the decreasing amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. Failure to acclimatize, usually due to a too rapid ascent above 2000m (6500ft), results in symptoms of altitude illness. These problems become common above 2500m (8200 ft) and present in the following ways:

Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) is the most common and is not life-threatening
HACE (High Altitude Cerebral Edema) is a life-threatening illness that can develop from AMS
HAPE (High Altitude Pulmonary Edema) is a life-threatening illness; it may occur on its own, or with AMS or HACE

These three presentations of altitude illness can vary from mild to severe.

Advance basecamp, Changabang

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Preventing AMS, HACE and HAPE by acclimatising wisely

The most common preventable causes of altitude illness are gaining height too rapidly and over-exertion.

A conservative recommended rate of ascent is 300m (1000ft) per day with a rest day every third day up to 3500m (11500ft). Above that, 150m (500ft) per day with a rest day every three days. While many people can and do travel higher faster than this, the incidence of AMS rises proportionately
Walk at a steady plod with regular rest/drink breaks. There is no virtue in pushing on or striving to finish at the front. Aim to avoid getting out of breath!
If you are struggling to keep up with your group, do not hesitate to speak up so that timely help can be given
Rest days must really be REST days for even the mildest symptoms of AMS
While dehydration does not increase the risk of altitude illness, it does interfere with performance (so does over-hydration, especially without salts replacement!). The only way to be sure you are drinking enough is to keep your urine 'pale and plentiful'. This may mean drinking as much as 4 to 6 litres of fluids per day (as water, tea, soup, etc.)
Avoid all sedative drugs (antihistamines, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, etc.) as they suppress respiration and therefore increase the risk of altitude illness. This includes alcohol (drinking alcohol can give rise to social problems on a trek, especially if it is readily available. Better to save it for a celebration on return to lower altitude)
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Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)

AMS is common; depending on the altitude gained and the speed of ascent, incidence ranges from 20 to 80%. Typically symptoms appear anytime during the first 36 hours after an ascent. If you rest at the same altitude, symptoms usually disappear quickly (but can take up to 4 days) and you are now acclimatized to this altitude. AMS may reappear as you ascend higher still and acclimatization has to occur again.

Symptoms are due to fluid accumulation in brain tissue and vary from mild to severe; it can progress to HACE if it is ignored. People often blame cold, heat, infection, alcohol, insomnia, migraine or exercise for their AMS symptoms and carry on ascending. This has lead to many deaths from HACE or HAPE.

NB. It may be quite difficult to tell if a young child is developing AMS. The only symptoms may be increased fussiness, crying, loss of interest or loss of appetite.

Symptoms & signs

Headache (typically throbbing, often worse for bending over or lying down), PLUS one or more of the following symptoms:
Tiredness, weakness
Dizziness, light headedness
Loss of appetite, nausea (or vomiting)
Insomnia, disturbed sleep, frequent waking

Treatment

Rest (avoid even the slightest exertion if this is possible) at the same (or lower) altitude until the symptoms clear (up to 4 days)
Drink enough to keep your urine pale and plentiful
Use ibuprofen or paracetamol for headache
Consider Diamox™ (125 to 250 mg 12-hourly) for 3 days, or for the rest of the time at altitude if symptoms return
Consider Stemeti™l (or other anti-vomiting medication) for persistent nausea/vomiting
If AMS symptoms are severe, give oxygen (1 to 2 L/min) OR use a pressure bag until symptoms clear
Check the victim regularly for signs of HAPE and HACE, especially during the night
Descend far enough to clear symptoms (at least 500m/1640ft) if symptoms of AMS do not improve or get worse
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Facts on HAPE & HACE

HACE or HAPE occur in approximately 1 to 2% of people going to high altitude
HAPE and HACE may occur alone or together
HAPE is roughly twice as common as HACE
HAPE causes many more deaths than HACE
HAPE may appear without any preceding symptoms of AMS
HAPE is more likely in people with colds or chest infections
HAPE often comes on after the second night spent at a higher altitude
HAPE can develop even after descending from a higher altitude
HACE usually develops after symptoms of AMS have appeared and often gets rapidly worse during the night
HACE may develop in the later stages of HAPE

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HACE (High Altitude Cerebral Edema)

Symptoms of HACE are caused by an accumulation of fluid in or around the brain. Typically symptoms and signs of AMS become worse and HACE develops. Someone with HAPE may also develop HACE.

Symptoms & signs

Severe headache, which often feels worse on lying down and is not relieved by ibuprofen, paracetamol or aspirin
Tiredness, severe fatigue
Nausea and/or vomiting which may be severe and persistent
Loss of coordination, clumsiness. The victim needs help with simple tasks such as tying their shoelaces or packing their bag. They cannot do the finger-nose test
Staggering, falling. They cannot do the heel-to-toe walking test or the standing test
Blurred or double vision, seeing haloes around objects
Loss of mental abilities such as memory. They cannot do a simple mental arithmetic test
Confusion, hallucinations
Change in behaviour (aggression, apathy, etc.)
Drowsiness, difficult to wake up, coma, death
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Tests for HACE

Heel-to-toe walking test: The victim is asked to take 10 very small steps, placing the heel of one foot to the toes of the other foot as they go. Reasonably flat ground is necessary and the victim should not be helped
Standing test: The victim stands with eyes closed, feet together and arms by their sides
Finger-nose test: With eyes closed, the victim repeatedly and rapidly alternates between touching the tip of their nose with an index finger then extending this arm to point into the distance (a useful test if the victim is in a sleeping bag)
Mental arithmetic test: Give the victim a mental arithmetic test, eg. subtract 7 from 100, 7 from 93, and so on (but remember some people may be poor at arithmetic even at sea level)

If the victim cannot do any of the above tests easily (or refuses to cooperate), or show excess wobbling or falling over in the two first tests (be prepared to catch the victim if they fall over!), assume they are suffering from HACE. If in doubt about the victim's performance, compare with a healthy individual. Be prepared to keep repeating these tests.

Treatment

Descend immediately (prompt descent will begin to reverse the symptoms). Descend as low as possible, at least 1000m/3280 ft. Descend at night or in bad weather if necessary. Carry the victim if possible, as the exertion of walking can make the illness worse
If descent is not immediately possible (eg. dangerous terrain or weather, not enough helpers or while waiting for a helicopter), oxygen or the use of a PAC and appropriate medications will keep the person alive until descent can be undertaken
Give oxygen:
- From a bottle using a mask (2 to 4 L/min), OR
- By using a pressure bag (this is roughly the equivalent of 2 to 4 L of oxygen/min)
NB: If both oxygen and a pressure bag are available, give the oxygen while the bag is being prepared and after the victim comes out of the bag. Do not give oxygen inside the bag unless it is designed for this purpose and you have been trained to do so.
Give medications:
-8 mg of dexamethasone at once (by mouth, IV or IM) followed by 4 mg 6-hourly. Dexamethasone takes several hours to work. Stop it once below 2500m/8200ft AND after at least 3 days of treatment by tailing off the dose slowly (give the last 3 doses 12-hourly)
- Diamox™ 250 mg 8 to12-hourly
- Treat persistent vomiting with anti-vomiting medication
Prop the victim up in a semi-reclining position as lying down flat may make their condition worse
Avoid even the slightest exertion if this is possible. Even walking a few steps may make their symptoms worse or reappear. Do not leave the victim alone
If a person is turning blue or is falling into unconsciousness, give them rescue breathing before they stop breathing

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HAPE (High Altitude Pulmonary Edema)

Symptoms of HAPE are due to the accumulation of fluid in or around the lungs. It may appear on its own without any preceding symptoms of AMS (this happens in about 50% of cases), or it may develop at the same time as AMS. HAPE can easily be mistaken for a chest infection or asthma: if in doubt treat for both.

Symptoms & signs

A reduction in physical performance (tiredness, severe fatigue) and a dry cough are often the earliest signs that HAPE is developing
Breathlessness. In the early stages of HAPE, this may mean just taking a bit longer to get one's breath back on resting after mild exercise. Later on, there is marked breathlessness with mild exercise. Finally, breathlessness occurs at rest. Record the respiratory rate (NB: At 6000m/19700ft, normal acclimatized respiration rate is up to 20 breaths per minute)
The dry cough may later become wet with frothy sputum, which may be bloodstained (pink or rust coloured). This is a serious sign
"Wet" sounds in the lungs when breathing in deeply (place your ear on the bare skin of the victim's back below the shoulder blades; compare with a healthy person). Note: There may be NO wet sounds in even quite severe HAPE: this is called 'dry HAPE'
There may be: mild fever up to 38.5ºC, a sense of inner cold, pains in the chest
Blueness or darkness of face, lips, tongue or nails due to lack of oxygen in the blood (cyanosis)
Drowsiness, difficulty waking up, coma, death

Treatment

Same general treatment as for HACE, EXCEPT:

Give oxygen as for HACE but give the bottled oxygen at a rate of 4 to 6 L/min till recovering, then 2 to 4 L/min
Give medications:
- Nifedipine. This should only be used if bottled oxygen or a pressure chamber is not available and the victim is warm and well hydrated. Give the modified release (MR) form of the tablets (20 mg 12-hourly for 2 or 3 days). If a fall in blood pressure occurs due to nifedipine (pallor, weak rapid pulse, dizzy on standing), treat as shock
- Diamox™ 250 mg 8 to 12-hourly
- An asthma reliever spray (2 puffs 4-hourly) may help

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Going back up again?

Anyone seriously ill with HACE or HAPE and needing oxygen, treatment in a pressure bag or dexamethasone/nifedipine, should descend immediately after treatment. As, even if they feel completely recovered, symptoms may rapidly rebound with exertion or further ascent.
Having descended and having become symptom-free at a lower altitude, they should not go up again as it is highly likely that the HACE or HAPE will reoccur (rebound)
If re-ascent is unavoidable (eg. driving out of Tibet over high passes), give Diamox™ 250 mg 12-hourly. If the original problem was HACE, add dexamethasone (4 mg 12-hourly); if the problem was HAPE, add modified release Nifedipine (20 mg 12-hourly). Give oxygen while crossing passes

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AMS and ACETAZOLAMIDE (trade name: DIAMOX)

This is a mild diuretic, which acidifies the blood thus improving respiration and acclimatization. There are three reasons for using Diamox™: prevention of AMS, treatment of AMS, and for sleeping difficulties.

1. Prevention of AMS

There is good evidence that Diamox is effective for preventing AMS as it speeds up acclimatization. However, routine preventative use for all trekkers on all treks is NOT recommended.
Preventative use is recommended for those who have a past history of altitude illness, or when rapid height gain is unavoidable.
Here are some examples of situations where gradual height gain is often not possible:

Any ascent of Kilimanjaro under 10 days, in which case use Diamox™ 125 mg twice daily from the start of the ascent till back below 2500 m (8200 ft)
Flying or driving rapidly to altitude (eg. Lhasa, Leh, Cuzco and Jomoson, to name some popular destinations). Consider using Diamox preventively (Diamox 125 mg twice daily, start one day before flying and for two or three days after arrival) especially if the traveller is expecting to be active and carrying on and up straight away, instead of resting for two or three days after arrival. Diamox is NOT needed when flying into Lukla (Everest trek) if two nights are spent below Namche Bazaar

2. Treatment of AMS

If the sufferer has a flexible itinerary, the preferable option is to rest at the same altitude, or even descend to cure the symptoms. This approach is often not possible on treks with a fixed itinerary and the case for the prompt use of Diamox is that much stronger. So if someone has symptoms of AMS, even just mild, it is important that Diamox is started promptly since it offers the best chance of enabling them to continue safely. (Diamox 125 mg twice daily, double this dose for those with moderate to severe symptoms or who do not respond quickly).

AMS symptoms should be treated vigorously at any time but especially at the end of a day with an ascent due the following morning. Give Diamox, rest in a warm environment, re-hydrate and give painkillers for headache and prochlorperazine (Stemetil) for nausea if pronounced or if vomiting. A spell in a Portable Altitude Chamber (PAC) is recommended. Try to abolish symptoms of AMS by active treatment before the victim goes to sleep for the night, rather than hoping it will have worn off in the morning.

Note: aperson with obvious symptoms of AMS that do not disappear should be watched carefully especially at night. Ascending to sleep at a higher altitude is not recommended!

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3. Insomnia, disturbed sleep and periodic breathing (also known as Cheyne-Stokes)

Poor sleep is a common problem at altitude. First line treatment for simple insomnia includes checking warmth of sleeping bag, improving ground insulation, abstaining from caffeine. And reassuring.
Diamox, which acts as a respiratory stimulant, is indicated for sleep disturbance at altitude, particularly if the insomnia is associated with periodic breathing. This is recognized by repeated short periods of normal or fast breathing followed by breath holding then several gasping breaths, which can be quite frightening for the victim's buddy; the victim often wakes feeling like they are suffocating.
Some altitude physicians refer to Diamox as 'the high altitude sleeping pill'. The starting dose is Diamox 125 mg (half a tablet) an hour before going to bed. If symptoms persist, try 125 mg twice daily. If that doesn't work, try 250 mg in the morning and 125 mg at night, etc.

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Diamox: allergy and side-effects

Diamox may cause an allergy and it must be avoided if there is past history of a severe adverse reaction to Diamox or sulfa containing drugs (mainly sulphonamide-type antibiotics such as Co-Trimoxazole, Septrin, Bactrin). If the sulfa allergy is mild (rash, diarrhoea etc.) a test dose or two of Diamox could be tried well before departure (do not do this if the sulfa allergy is severe!). Most people with mild sulfa allergy can take Diamox.
Some common side effects of Diamox:

Extra urine output. Worries about this tend to be exaggerated. Keep your urine pale and plentiful. Use a pee bottle (sanifem or tupperware box for women) at night in tents or lodges to avoid getting cold or falling while going outside to the toilet
The most obvious side effects are paraesthesia (tingling) in lips, fingers, toes, and a metallic taste when drinking carbonated drinks. Both symptoms are milder with lower doses and disappear on stopping the medication
Diamox can cause photosensitivity (sunburn more easily), so use your hat, sunscreen and gloves

A common concern about Diamox is that it will mask the onset of altitude illness. There is no evidence that Diamox masks the onset of AMS, HACE or HAPE; however, Diamox is not guaranteed to work. Even if someone is taking Diamox, AMS, HACE or HAPE may still develop. In which case act accordingly.

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GINGKO BILOBA

This herb has been suggested for use instead of Diamox for those who are allergic to it (rare) or who prefer the herbal approach. The evidence for its efficacy is much more limited than for Diamox.
Recent reports suggest that Ginkgo may precipitate AMS and HACE especially if started only at the beginning of the trek (the leader/doctor should make their group aware of this and trekkers using this herb should tell their doctor/leader).
In the current state of knowledge I DO NOT recommend using Ginkgo Biloba.

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PAINKILLERS

If pain relief is needed at altitude, paracetamol is a safe option while ibuprofen is better at treating the headache of AMS. Neither drug will mask symptoms of altitude illness.

Anyone contemplating taking anything but their regular medication must inform the leader/doctor.

THE 'HIGH ALTITUDE TRIAD'

At altitude, these three conditions often occur together and share some symptoms:

Altitude illness
Dehydration
Hypothermia

Be alert for their early signs and symptoms (fatigue, lethargy, irritability, headache, shivering) and assess.

WARNING : these notes are not a substitute for expert advice. The author has made every effort to ensure that the information given is as accurate and up-to-date as possible. However, he is unable to accept responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person, caused by errors and omissions, or as a result of the advice and information given here.

Content source: .treksafe.com.au/medical/altitude_illness.htm

Author: Dr Jim Duff

Collected by everest7t.blogspot.com

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Poon Hill Trek

2009-10-03T19:15:00.000-07:00

This is a short trek but probably most popular route. There is no other routes which have this much natural diversity & cultural variety . This trek start from Nayapul a hour car drive from Pokhara . In the beginning of trek village life, culture, terrace view , water falls & green hills view can be enjoyed. From Ghorepani Mt. Annapurna & Mt. Dhaulagiri Can be viewed . These are mountain over 8000m. Poon Hill offers most spectacular view of mountains peak & sun rise over Himalayas. Ghandruk village is another attraction of this trek. Ghandruk is habitation of Gurungs who are known is Gurkhas. Gurkhas have glorious history they created in Second world war.

High Light of this routes : Birethanti Water Fall, Poon Hill Sun rise, Ghandruk Village, Pokhara

Trip Summary
Total Trip Duration : 10 Days (3 Nights in Kathmandu/ 2 Nights in Pokhara/ 5 Days trek/ 2 Days travel to and from Pokhara)
Highest elevation : 32100 m
Type of accommodation : Tea House

Price : 170 US$

Itinerary In Detail

Day 1 Arrival in Kathmandu and check-in to Hotel

Day 2 Tour of some of the major tourist attractions in the Kathmandu Valley via car and city tour guide

Day 3 Travel to Pokhara via Tourist Bus. Visit around the lake and tourist markets.

Day 4 Drive to Naya Pul by car (1 hour) to begin trek. Arrive in Tikhedhunga (4 hours)

Day 5 Trek from Tikhedhumgha to Ghorepani (6 hours)

Day 6 Ghorepani (early morning hike to Poon Hill for sunrise to Tadapani (5 hours)

Day 7 Tadapani to Ghandruk (3 hours)

Day 8 Ghandruk to Naya Pul (4 hours) and drive back to Pokhara by car (1 hour)

Day 9 Pokhara to Kathmandu via tourist bus

Day 10 Depart from Kathmandu

Contact me for booking

Everest Trekking

2009-09-24T03:42:00.001-07:00

The Everest or Khumbu region is justifiably the most famous of all trekking and mountain regions. Populated by Sherpas, the attractions of this area are the majestic mountains, the high mountain villages, the isolated monasteries, and the local peoples. This area includes the highest mountain in the world, Everest at 8848m, and many of the world's 8000m peaks such as Lhotse, Cho Oyu, and Makalu. First climbed in 1953, Everest still holds a fascination for many, however the Everest region boasts many more spectacular and beautiful mountains, as well as some of the most rewarding trekking anywhere in the world.

Tengpoche monastery

The Everest View Trek

Whilst for many a visit to the foot of Mount Everest is a personal goal, for some it is enough to visit the Everest or Khumbu region and experience the culture, the people, and the spectacular scenery. The Everest View trek is a shorter trek than the Base Camp trek with the famous Tengpoche monastery at 3870m being the high point.

It is designed for those who wish to experience this region without ascending to high altitude. Entry to the Khumbu is by air into the airstrip at Lukla, and from here we follow the route of the Base Camp trek to Tengpoche monastery. From here we obtain breathtaking views of Everest as it rises above the Lhotse-Nuptse ridge, as well as a superb view of one of Nepal's most beautiful mountains, Ama Dablam - the 'Matterhorn of the Khumbu'. From here we return to Lukla by a slightly different route via Khumjung.

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Trekking Permit & Fee

2009-09-07T04:05:00.000-07:00

Trekking Permit & Fee

National Parks Fee:
National Park Fee will be required to trek in common areas such as:
- Sagarmatha Nationa Park (Everest) - RS 1000 per person,
- Annapurna Area Conservation Progect - RS 2000 per person
- Langtang - RS 1000 per person

Trekking Permit:
- Special Trekking permit is required to visit Nepal's restricted areas determined for trekking by the government. If you plan to trek in two different areas, two trekking permits are required.
- As for new rules new trekking pass TIMS (Trekkers' Information Management System) card is required for trekking in all major areas.

Kanchanjunga & Lower Dolpa:
US$ 10.00 per week per person

Upper Mustang & Upper Dolpa:
For 10 days : US$ 500.00
and after 10 days per day per person US$ 50.00

Gorkha District:
From September to November per week per person US$ 70.00 and Afer 7 days per day per person US$ 10.00
From December to August per week per person US$ 50.00 and after 7 days per day per person US$ 7.00

Manaslu:
From Sept. to Nov : US$ 70.00 per week and after 7 days per day per person US$ 10.00
From Dec. to Aug : US$ 50.00 per week and after 7 days per day per person US$ 7.00

Chhekampar & Chunchet VDC (Sirdibas - Lokpa - Chumling - Chhekampar - Nile - Chhule Area):
From September to November US$ 35.00 per person for the first 8 days
From December to August US$ 25.00 per person for the first 8 days

Dolakpa District (Gauri Shankar & Lamabagar):
Per week per person US$ 10.00

Humla District (Simikot-Yari):
Areas of Limi and Muchu VDC, area way to Tibet via Tangekhola of Darma VDC.
First 7 days : US$ 50.00
and After 7 days : US$ 7.00 per day per person

Notes:

To get group trekking permit an application form with other relevant documents should be submitted through registered trekking agency of Nepal.
Trekking fee can be paid in Nepalese currency

Trekking Fee of other restricted areas imposed by Nepal government:

- Rasuwa district (Thuman and Timure):
per week per person US$ 10.00

- Sankuwasabha District:
Makalu region (Areas of Kimathanka, Chepuwa, Hatiya, Pawakhola Village)
For the first 4 weeks per week per person US$ 10.00 and after 4 weeks per week per person US$20.00

- Solukhumbu District - Everest Region:
All north-west area way from Thame to Nangpala of Namche Village Development Committe
For the first 4 weeks per week per person US$ 10.00 and after 4 weeks per week per person US$20.00

- Manang District:
Areas of Nar, Phu and Northern area of Tilche Village, of Thoche Village Development Committe
From September to November per week per person US$ 90
From December to August per week per person US$ 75.00

- Mugu District:
Areas of Mugu, Dolpu, Pulu, Bhangi
For the first 7 days US$ 90.00 per person and after 7 days per person per day US$ 15.00

- Baihang District:
Areas of Kanda, Saipal, Dhuli
For the first 7 days US$ 90.00 per person and after 7 days per person per day US$ 15.00

- Darchula District:
Areas of Byas Village Development Committe
For the first 7 days US$ 90.00 per person and after 7 days per person per day US$ 15.00

Important Notes:

Trekking permit will not be issued to individual trekker in the following areas:

Kanchanjunga
Upper Mustang and Upper Dolpa
Manaslu
Humla (Simikot-Yari)

Trekking permit will not be issued For more than the date of validity of visa.

GigaMedia Limited

2007-11-27T17:52:00.000-08:00

GigaMedia Limited (NASDAQ: GIGM) is a major provider of online entertainment software and services. GigaMedia develops software for online entertainment services, including the global online gaming market. GigaMedia’s FunTown game portal is a leading Asian casual games portal and the world’s largest online MahJong game site in terms of revenue. GigaMedia also operates a broadband ISP providing Internet access services to consumers and corporate subscribers in Taiwan. Gigamedia operates the EverestPoker poker site, one of the largest poker rooms in the world.

Annapurna

2007-11-10T04:32:00.001-08:00

Annapurna (Sanskrit, Nepali, Nepal Bhasa: अन्नपूर्ण) is a series of peaks in the Himalaya, a 55-km-long massif whose highest point, Annapurna I, stands at 8,091 m (26,538 ft), making it the 10th-highest summit in the world and one of the 14 "eight-thousanders". It is located east of a great gorge cut through the Himalaya by the Kali Gandaki River, which separates it from the Dhaulagiri massif. (Dhaulagiri I lies 34km (21 mi) west of Annapurna I.) Annapurna is a Sanskrit name which is translated as Goddess of the Harvests. In Hinduism, Annapurna is a goddess of fertility and agriculture and an avatar of Durga.

2007-10-16T06:38:00.000-07:00

Nepal Mountain Trekking Grades :

While grading treks the following factors are taken into account :

- The total duration of the trekking.
- The duration of stay at high altitude (+3000m).
- The maximum difference in altitude per day.
- The condition of the terrain.
- The average duration of the daily stages.
- The night temperatures.

Nevertheless we want to warn our trekkers that the level of difficulty of a trek is very subjective. Weather conditions, your physical condition, possible health problems during the trek and other factors can have an important influence on the way you experience a trek.

Nepal Mountain Trekking GRADE 1: Short light daily stages along generally good passable trails. Maximum difference in altitude is less than 300m. Night temperature remains above freezing point.

Nepal Mountain Trekking GRADE 2: Daily stages of 5 to 6 hours along good passable trails. Differences in altitude of up to 800m below 4000m. Night temperature can drop below freezing point.

Nepal Mountain Trekking GRADE 3: Daily stages of 4 to 7 hours a day. The trails are usually well passable but some high altitude passes above 4000m can be steep. Possible snow on the high altitude passes can put your endurance to the test. A good condition is recommended.

Nepal Mountain Trekking GRADE 4: Treks of more than 15 days with daily stages of 4 to 8 hours. Differences in altitude of up to 1000m below 4000m. One or more high altitude passes above 5000m. Most nights temperatures below freezing point. Sometimes difficult camping sites. A good condition is a requirement.

Nepal Mountain Trekking GRADE 5: Treks and climbs of more than 15 days. Walking on very difficult grounds, basic mountaineering skills required. Nights at very low temperature. A strong resistance and a very good physical condition are required.

Rescue : Although ninety-nine percent of the time there won't be any need for an emergency rescue evacuation, emergency situations do arise in the Himalayas with illness, AMS (acute mountain sickness), snow storms, landslide, and avalanches being the primary cause for rescue to take place. In a non-life threatening situation, we will arrange for the porters to carry you to the nearest health post or hospital. Where the situation is more serious, one of your Sherpa's will hurry to the nearest communication center where he can request a Helicopter Rescue from our Kathmandu office.

It is highly recommend that you take travel insurance, which will cover emergency helicopter rescue flight. To enable to contact your insurance company, in case of a rescue and not to loose any valuable time, trekking agency need the co-ordinates of your insurance companies local representative for Nepal.

More about Nepal Trekking and Trekkers: information can be obtained from here. Nepal Trekking is the most popular among the many tourist adventure activities in Nepal.

Trekking is the main highlight of a visit to Nepal. On account of the wide range of geographical features, the country nurtures a variety of vegetation and land scape.In addition of the natural endowments is the rich Himalyan culture.

The diversity in Nepal's nature and a range of exotic culture makes this country ideal for trekking. Thousands of visitors attempts different kinds of Trekking in Nepal every year to experience the charm of nature. Most treks go thorough altitude between 1,000 to 3,000 meters, although some popular parts reach over 5,000 meters.

See: Difficulties and Rescue information for Nepal Trekking in Nepal Trekking Grades

HIMALAYA!

2007-09-30T22:11:00.000-07:00

Welcome to Nepal Mountain Trekking !!!

Nepal is a never-ending outdoor adventure play-ground. Being home to eight out of the fourteen highest peaks in the world, each over 8000m. and ancient cultures, Nepal is the place to visit.

If you are looking for adventure and cultural experience of life time. Nepal has some of the best ever popular hiking, trekking, rock climbing, peak climbing, mountaineering, kayaking, rafting, canyoning, wildlife safari, mountain biking, , paragliding, cultural sites and much more.

Rich cultural spirit that represents unique blend of Buddhism and Hinduism, Birth place of Buddha, Home of Mount Everest, World class rivers, World heritage sites - this is Nepal and it has something to enjoy for everyone.

"Nepal Mountain Trekking" is proud to share our country, its nature & century old cultures, and many years of experience in this field with you and give you an excellent opportunity to explore our beautiful Nepal.

The Everest region!

2007-12-05T23:52:00.000-08:00

The Khumbu or Everest region is the most popular trekking area in Nepal. It would probably be the most popular destination, but it is more difficult to get to Solu Khumbu than to the Annapurna area. To get near Everest, you must either walk for 10 days or fly to Lukla, a remote mountain airstrip where flights are notoriously unreliable.

Solu Khumbu is justifiably famous, not only for its proximity to the world's highest mountain (8848 metres), but also for its Sherpa villages and monasteries. The primary goal of an Everest trek is the Everest base camp at an elevation of about 5340 metres. But you cannot see Everest from the base camp, so most trekkers climb Kala Pattar, an unassuming 5545-metre bump on the southern flank of Pumori (7145 metres).

Other than the problem of access, the other major complication to an Everest trek is the high likelihood of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). This potentially deadly disease, commonly known as altitude sickness, is caused by climbing too quickly to a high elevation. Be sure to read the section on mountain sickness in the Health & First Aid chapter if you are planning an Everest trek. If you suffer symptoms of altitude sickness and cannot go to base camp, you can still make a worthwhile trek to less ambitious destinations such as Namche Bazaar, the administrative headquarters of the Khumbu region; Khumjung or Thami, more typical Sherpa villages; or Tengpoche Monastery. From Tengpoche you will have an excellent view of Everest and its more spectacular neighbour Ama Dablam (6856 metres).

First successful ascent by Tenzing and Hillary

2008-01-22T07:03:00.002-08:00

In 1953, a ninth British expedition, led by John Hunt, returned to Nepal. Hunt selected two climbing pairs to attempt to reach the summit. The first pair (Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans) came within 300 feet of the summit on 26 May, but turned back after becoming exhausted. Two days later, the expedition made its second and final assault on the summit with its second climbing pair. The summit was eventually reached at 11:30 a.m. local time on May 29, 1953 by the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay from Nepal climbing the South Col Route. At the time, both acknowledged it as a team effort by the whole expedition, but Tenzing revealed a few years later that Hillary had put his foot on the summit first.^[22] They paused at the summit to take photographs and buried a few sweets and a small cross in the snow before descending.

News of the expedition's success reached London on the morning of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation. Returning to Kathmandu a few days later, Hillary and Hunt discovered that they had been promptly knighted in the Order of the British Empire for their efforts. Hunt was ultimately made a life peer in Britain, while Hillary became a founding member of the Order of New Zealand. Tenzing was granted the George Medal for his efforts.

2008-01-22T07:03:00.001-08:00

Mt. Everest has two main climbing routes, the southeast ridge from Nepal and the northeast ridge from Tibet, as well as many other less frequently climbed routes. Of the two main routes, the southeast ridge is technically easier and is the more frequently-used route. It was the route used by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953 and the first recognised of fifteen routes to the top by 1996. This was, however, a route decision dictated more by politics than by design as the Chinese border was closed to foreigners in 1949. Reinhold Messner (Italy) summited the mountain solo for the first time, without supplementary oxygen or support, on the more difficult Northwest route via the North Col to the North Face and the Great Couloir, on August 20 1980. He climbed for three days entirely alone from his base camp at 6500 meters. This route has been noted as the 8th climbing route to the summit.

Most attempts are made during May before the summer monsoon season. A change in the jet stream at this time of year reduces the average wind speeds high on the mountain. While attempts are sometimes made after the monsoons in September and October, the additional snow deposited by the monsoons and the less stable weather patterns makes climbing more difficult.

2007-12-29T00:16:00.000-08:00

bIlam Trek
Trek Duration: 13 -14 days
Trek Destination: Mabu Village & Ilam Bazaar in Ilam District (600 KM east
of Kathmandu, close to the Darjeeling border)
Trek Starting Point: Deurali Bazaar, One hour flight from Kathmandu to Biratnagar & seven hours drive onwards.
Trek End Point: Ilam Bazaar (4000 ft.) Highest Point on
Trek: Sandankphu (11,700 ft.)
Mountains Ranges: Kangchenjunga (Kangchendzonga) Himal, Makalu & Khumbu Himal Ranges
Day 1: Fly to Biratnagar, drive to Ilam Bazaar and then to Deurali Bazaar (flight time 1
hr, drive 6 hrs.)
Day 2: Kalapani School (6300ft) campsite (six hr. walk).
Day 3: Gentle uphill to Simle (6720ft) then sharp uphill through forest to
Kalapokhari camp (10,195ft)(about 4hrs.). Lunch and overnight.
Day 4: Steep ascent to Sandakphu (11,811ft)(4hrs.) Lunch and overnight at camp.
Short day because of altitude.
Day 5: Sunrise at Sandakphu, late descent to Mabu Gompa (Monastery Camping Grounds (7,000 ft?) (6hrs.).
Day 6: Steep downhill through the village of Mabu to Mabu (5,700ft)(2 hr) Camp, lunch,
Set medical camp at local school, overnight at Mabu Camp.
Day 7-8: MABU Medical Camp.
Day 9: Walk to Sulubung (2 hrs.), Medical Camp at Sulubung
Day 10-11: Medical Camp at Sulubung
Day 12: Half day camp, walk to Ilam (3hrs.), Overnight at Ilam.
Day 13: Breakfast, Drive to Chandragarhi (3 hr).
Fly to Kathmandu. Overnight at Hotel.
Day 14 extra day
Himalayan HealthCare July 2006 Trek Information Sheets Page 2 of 29

2007-12-06T00:01:00.000-08:00

Namaste!!

Welcome to Nepal Trekking !!!

Nepal is a never-ending outdoor adventure play-ground. Being home to eight out of the fourteen highest peaks in the world, each over 8000m. and ancient cultures, Nepal is the place to visit.

"Nepal Trekking" is proud to share our country, its nature & century old cultures, and many years of experience in this field with you and give you an excellent opportunity to explore our beautiful Nepal.

Mr. Thir Raj Niroula (Ashok)
Freelance Trekking Guide :Government License No 2750

Address : P O Box :10455
Thamel ,Katmandu, Nepal

Phone :977-1-4424854
Email info@treksguide.com
aniroula@hotmail.com
www.treksguide.com

2007-10-16T06:38:00.001-07:00

Nepal Mountain Trekking Grades :

While grading treks the following factors are taken into account :

   - The total duration of the trekking.
 - The duration of stay at high altitude (+3000m).
 - The maximum difference in altitude per day.
 - The condition of the terrain.
 - The average duration of the daily stages.
 - The night temperatures.

Nevertheless we want to warn our trekkers that the level of difficulty of a trek is very subjective. Weather conditions, your physical condition, possible health problems during the trek and other factors can have an important influence on the way you experience a trek.

Nepal Mountain Trekking GRADE 1: Short light daily stages along generally good passable trails. Maximum difference in altitude is less than 300m. Night temperature remains above freezing point.

Nepal Mountain Trekking GRADE 2: Daily stages of 5 to 6 hours along good passable trails. Differences in altitude of up to 800m below 4000m. Night temperature can drop below freezing point.

Nepal Mountain Trekking GRADE 3: Daily stages of 4 to 7 hours a day. The trails are usually well passable but some high altitude passes above 4000m can be steep. Possible snow on the high altitude passes can put your endurance to the test. A good condition is recommended.

Nepal Mountain Trekking GRADE 4: Treks of more than 15 days with daily stages of 4 to 8 hours. Differences in altitude of up to 1000m below 4000m. One or more high altitude passes above 5000m. Most nights temperatures below freezing point. Sometimes difficult camping sites. A good condition is a requirement.

Nepal Mountain Trekking GRADE 5: Treks and climbs of more than 15 days. Walking on very difficult grounds, basic mountaineering skills required. Nights at very low temperature. A strong resistance and a very good physical condition are required.

Rescue : Although ninety-nine percent of the time there won't be any need for an emergency rescue evacuation, emergency situations do arise in the Himalayas with illness, AMS (acute mountain sickness), snow storms, landslide, and avalanches being the primary cause for rescue to take place. In a non-life threatening situation, we will arrange for the porters to carry you to the nearest health post or hospital. Where the situation is more serious, one of your Sherpa's will hurry to the nearest communication center where he can request a Helicopter Rescue from our Kathmandu office.

It is highly recommend that you take travel insurance, which will cover emergency helicopter rescue flight. To enable to contact your insurance company, in case of a rescue and not to loose any valuable time, trekking agency need the co-ordinates of your insurance companies local representative for Nepal.

More about Nepal Trekking and Trekkers: information can be obtained from here. Nepal Trekking is the most popular among the many tourist adventure activities in Nepal.

Trekking is the main highlight of a visit to Nepal. On account of the wide range of geographical features, the country nurtures a variety of vegetation and land scape.In addition of the natural endowments is the rich Himalyan culture.

The diversity in Nepal's nature and a range of exotic culture makes this country ideal for trekking. Thousands of visitors attempts different kinds of Trekking in Nepal every year to experience the charm of nature. Most treks go thorough altitude between 1,000 to 3,000 meters, although some popular parts reach over 5,000 meters.

See: Difficulties and Rescue information for Nepal Trekking in Nepal Trekking Grades

Trekking in Nepal

2009-08-25T23:11:00.000-07:00

To:-
Ashok Niroula
GPO#10455
Kathmandu
Nepal
Phone: 977 98411 72825
Skype: trekguide
http://www.treksguide.com

http://sites.google.com/site/treks4fun/

http://www.nepalguide.co.cc
http://www.nepalguide.110mb.com

What can you do with the new Windows Live? Find out

Steel Making Process

2008-05-13T06:48:00.000-07:00

Steel is made by the Bessemer, Siemens Open Hearth, basic oxygen furnace, electric arc, electric high-frequency and crucible processes.

Crucible and high-frequency methods
The Huntsman crucible process has been superseded by the high frequency induction furnace in which the heat is generated in the metal itself by eddy currents induced by a magnetic field set up by an alternating current, which passes round water-cooled coils surrounding the crucible. The eddy currents increase with the square of the frequency, and an input current which alternates from 500 to 2000 hertz is necessary. As the frequency increases, the eddy currents tend to travel nearer and nearer the surface of a charge (i.e. shallow penetration). The heat developed in the charge depends on the cross-sectional area which carries current, and large furnaces use frequencies low enough to get adequate current penetration.
Automatic circulation of the melt in a vertical direction, due to eddy currents, promotes uniformity of analysis. Contamination by furnace gases is obviated and charges from 1 to 5 tonnes can be melted with resultant economy. Consequently, these electric furnaces are being used to produce high quality steels, such as ball bearing, stainless, magnet, die and tool steels.

Acid and basic steels
The remaining methods for making steel do so by removing impurities from pig iron or a mixture of pig iron and steel scrap. The impurities removed, however, depend on whether an acid (siliceous) or basic (limey) slag is used. An acid slag necessitates the use of an acid furnace lining (silica); a basic slag, a basic lining of magnesite or dolomite, with line in the charge. With an acid slag silicon, manganese and carbon only are removed by oxidation, consequently the raw material must not contain phosphorus and sulphur in amounts exceeding those permissible in the finished steel.
In the basic processes, silicon, manganese, carbon, phosphorus and sulphur can be removed from the charge, but normally the raw material contains low silicon and high phosphorus contents. To remove the phosphorus the bath of metal must be oxidised to a greater extent than in the corresponding acid process, and the final quality of the steel depends very largely on the degree of this oxidation, before deoxidisers-ferro-manganese, ferro-silicon, aluminium-remove the soluble iron oxide and form other insoluble oxides, which produce non-metallic inclusions if they are not removed from the melt:
2Al + 3FeO (soluble) « 3Fe + Al2O3 (solid)
In the acid processes, deoxidation can take place in the furnaces, leaving a reasonable time for the inclusions to rise into the slag and so be removed before casting. Whereas in the basic furnaces, deoxidation is rarely carried out in the presence of the slag, otherwise phosphorus would return to the metal. Deoxidation of the metal frequently takes place in the ladle, leaving only a short time for the deoxidation products to be removed. For these reasons acid steel is considered better than basic for certain purposes, such as large forging ingots and ball bearing steel. The introduction of vacuum degassing hastened the decline of the acid processes.

Bessemer steel
In both the Acid Bessemer and Basic Bessemer (or Thomas) processes molten pig iron is refined by blowing air through it in an egg-shaped vessel, known as a converter, of 15-25 tonnes capacity (Fig. 1). The oxidation of the impurities raises the charge to a suitable temperature; which is therefore dependent on the composition of the raw material for its heat: 2% silicon in the acid and 1,5-2% phosphorus in the basic process is normally necessary to supply the heat. The "blowing" of the charge, which causes an intense flame at the mouth of the converter, takes about 25 minutes and such a short interval makes exact control of the process a little difficult.
The Acid Bessemer suffered a decline in favour of the Acid Open Hearth steel process, mainly due to economic factors which in turn has been ousted by the basic electric arc furnace coupled with vacuum degassing.
The Basic Bessemer process is used a great deal on the Continent for making, from a very suitable pig iron, a cheap class of steel, e.g. ship plates, structural sections. For making steel castings a modification known as a Tropenas converter is used, in which the air impinges on the surface of the metal from side tuyeres instead of from the bottom. The raw material is usually melted in a cupola and weighed amounts charged into the converter.

Open-hearth processes
In the Siemens process, both acid and basic, the necessary heat for melting and working the charge is supplied by oil or gas. But the gas and air are preheated by regenerators, two on each side of the furnace, alternatively heated by the waste gases. The regenerators are chambers filled with checker brickwork, brick and space alternating.
The furnaces have a saucer-like hearth, with a capacity which varies from 600 tonnes for fixed, to 200 tonnes for tilting furnaces (Fig. 1). The raw materials consist essentially of pig iron (cold or molten) and scrap, together with lime in the basic process. To promote the oxidation of the impurities iron ore is charged into the melt although increasing use is being made of oxygen lancing. The time for working a charge varies from about 6 to 14 hours, and control is therefore much easier than in the case of the Bessemer process.
The Basic Open Hearth process was used for the bulk of the cheaper grades of steel, but there is a growing tendency to replace the OH furnace by large arc furnaces using a single slag process especially for melting scrap and coupled with vacuum degassing in some cases.

Electric arc process
The heat required in this process is generated by electric arcs struck between carbon electrodes and the metal bath (Fig. 1). Usually, a charge of graded steel scrap is melted under an oxidising basic slag to remove the phosphorus. The impure slag is removed by tilting the furnace. A second limey slag is used to remove sulphur and to deoxidise the metal in the furnace. This results in a high degree of purification and high quality steel can be made, so long as gas absorption due to excessively high temperatures is avoided. This process is used extensively for making highly alloyed steel such as stainless, heat-resisting and high-speed steels.
Oxygen lancing is often used for removing carbon in the presence of chromium and enables scrap stainless steel to be used. The nitrogen content of steels made by the Bessemer and electric arc processes is about 0,01-0,25% compared with about 0,002-0,008% in open hearth steels.

Oxygen processes

The high nitrogen content of Bessemer steel is a disadvantage for certain cold forming applications and continental works have, in recent years, developed modified processes in which oxygen replaces air. In Austria the LID process (Linz-Donawitz) converts low phosphorus pig iron into steel by top blowing with an oxygen lance using a basic lined vessel (Fig. 2b). To avoid excessive heat scrap or ore is added. High quality steel is produced with low hydrogen and nitrogen (0,002%). A further modification of the process is to add lime powder to the oxygen jet (OLP process) when higher phosphorus pig is used.

2008-04-08T21:17:00.001-07:00

In finance, a capital gain is profit that results from the sale or exchange of a capital asset over its purchase price. If the price of the capital asset has declined instead of appreciated, this is called a capital loss. Capital gains occur in both real assets, such as property, as well as financial assets, such as stocks or bonds. For equities, according to each national or state legislation, a large array of fiscal obligations must be respected regarding capital gains, and taxes are charged by the state over the transactions, dividends and capital gains on the stock market.

However, these fiscal obligations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction because, among other reasons, it could be assumed that taxation is already incorporated into the stock price through the different taxes companies pay to the state, or that tax free stock market operations are useful to boost economic growth.

2008-03-24T00:47:00.000-07:00

In finance, a capital gain is profit that results from the sale or exchange of a capital asset over its purchase price. If the price of the capital asset has declined instead of appreciated, this is called a capital loss. Capital gains occur in both real assets, such as property, as well as financial assets, such as stocks or bonds. For equities, according to each national or state legislation, a large array of fiscal obligations must be respected regarding capital gains, and taxes are charged by the state over the transactions, dividends and capital gains on the stock market. However, these fiscal obligations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction because, among other reasons, it could be assumed that taxation is already incorporated into the stock price through the different taxes companies pay to the state, or that tax free stock market operations are useful to boost economic growth.

Popularity of forex trading

2008-02-11T16:21:00.000-08:00

Popularity of forex trading
The growth of trading OTC foreign exchange (known as retail FX or retail forex trading) has nearly doubled from 2004 to 2007, and has been projected to continue well beyond 2010. Industry innovation, competition and consumer demand helped spur this growth.
The public has recognized U.S. forex companies as leaders in technology, with three of the leading forex firms named to the Deloitte Technology Fast 500, a ranking of the top North American technology companies, for three consecutive years. The leading U.S. forex companies have also been named to the Inc. 500 list of the country’s fastest growing companies. In 2006, the top FX companies made up nearly 20 percent of the total number of financial services industry firms on the Inc. 500 list As indicated by these rankings, the popularity of this growing market with active traders has helped to make foreign exchange one of the fastest growing industries in the United States.

2008-02-06T21:19:00.002-08:00

Capital loss offset
In taxation in the United States, capital gains are subject to capital gains tax. If a taxpayer has incurred capital losses in the same year as he has realized capital gains, he can offset the gains against the losses to reduce his taxable income. If the capital losses exceed the gains, up to $3,000 of the excess capital losses may be deducted against ordinary income (i.e., income other than capital gains) each year. If the taxpayer has a total net loss that is more than the $3,000 yearly limit on net capital loss deductions, the taxpayer can carry over the unused part to the next year and treat the loss as if it had been incurred during that next year.[4] When a loss is carried over, it retains is character as long term or short term, as applicable. A long-term capital loss carried to the next tax year will reduce long-term capital gains (if any) actually realized during that year before being used to reduce that year's short-term capital gains (if any). If part of the loss is still unused, the taxpayer may carry it over to later years until it is completely used up, or until the death of the individual who incurred the loss.

2008-02-06T21:19:00.001-08:00

Determining appropriate tax rate based on nature of capital gains
Not all capital gains are taxed at the same rate. Four separate tax rates are available for capital gains. The rate applicable to a particular gain depends on both the total income of the taxpayer and the nature of the capital gain.[5]
The 5% Rate for Adjusted Net Capital Gain of Lower-Income Taxpayers:
A taxpayer with an income of $31,850 (currently the margin of the 15% tax bracket) or less (including amount of capital gain) will see his capital gains taxed at a 5% rate.[6]
The 15% Rate for Remaining Adjusted Net Capital Gain:
Once the total income of the taxpayer exceeds $31,850 (the margin of the 15% tax bracket), the portion of capital gains that make up the excess will be taxed at a rate of 15%. Any capital gains below the $31,850 line are still taxed at 5%, and the remainder of the capital gain that is over that line is subject to the 15% rate. [7]
The 25% Rate for Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 Gain:
A flat 25% capital gains rate is imposed on so-called "unrecaptured 1250 gain". This type of gain occurs only where net capital gain partly consists of gain arising from the sale or exchange of depreciable real property used in the taxpayer's business or held for investment.[8]
The 28% Rate for Collectibles and Sec. 1202 Gains:
Any capital gains arising from the sale or exchange of collectibles and/or Sec. 1202 stock will be taxed at a rate of 28%.[9]

2008-02-01T23:29:00.000-08:00

Denmark
Share dividends and realized capital gains on shares are charged 28% to individuals of gains up to DKK 45,500 (2007-level, adjusted annually), and at 43% of gains above that. As of 1 January 2008, an additional marginal rate of 45% will apply to gains above DKK 100,000 (2007-level, adjusted annually) per year. Carryforward of realized losses on shares is allowed.
Individuals' interest income from bank deposits and bonds, realized gains on property and other capital gains are taxed up to 59%, however, several exemptions occur, such as on selling one's principal private residence or on gains on selling bonds. Interest paid on loans is deductible, although in case the net capital income is negative, only approx. 33% tax credit applies.
Companies are taxed at 25%. However, for instance, realized gains on shares owned more than three years are tax exempt and only 66% of share dividends are subject to taxation. Carryforward of realized losses on shares owned less than three years is allowed.

2008-02-01T23:27:00.000-08:00

For equities, an example of a popular and liquid asset, each national or state legislation, have a large array of fiscal obligations that must be respected regarding capital gains. Taxes are charged by the state over the transactions, dividends and capital gains on the stock market. However, these fiscal obligations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction because, among other reasons, it could be assumed that taxation is already incorporated into the stock price through the different taxes companies pay to the state, or that tax free stock market operations are useful to boost economic growth.

2008-01-26T18:57:00.001-08:00

Nepal's merchandise trade balance has improved somewhat since 2000 with the growth of the carpet and garment industries. In FY 2000-01 exports posted a greater increase (14%) than imports (4.5%), helping bring the trade deficit down by 4% from the previous year to $749 million. Trade with India rose rapidly after conclusion of the 1996 bilateral trade treaty between the two countries, and now accounts for 43% of all exports. Indian efforts to revise the treaty, which comes up for a 5-year review in December 2001, could dampen Nepal's export growth. The annual monsoon rain, or lack of it, strongly influences economic growth. From 1996 to 1999, real GDP growth averaged less than 4%. The growth rate recovered in 1999, rising to 6% before slipping slightly in 2001 to 5.5%.
Strong export performance, including earnings from tourism, and external aid have helped improve the overall balance-of-payments situation and increase international reserves. Nepal receives substantial amounts of external assistance from India, the People's Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. Several multilateral organizations, such as the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the UN Development Programme also provide assistance. In June 1998, Nepal submitted its memorandum on a foreign trade regime to the World Trade Organization and in May 2000 began direct negotiations on its accession.